System for and method of affecting molecules and atoms with electromagnetic radiation

ABSTRACT

A system for and method of cleaving a bond between a first atom and a second atom in a molecule of a material are presented. One embodiment of the technique includes selecting a first electromagnetic radiation frequency, the first electromagnetic radiation frequency including a product of a golden mean and a base frequency associated with at least one of the first atom and the second atom. Such an embodiment further includes directing a first electromagnetic radiation at the material, where the first electromagnetic radiation has a frequency equal to the first electromagnetic radiation frequency, and where the first electromagnetic radiation frequency is sufficient to cleave the bond between the first atom and the second atom.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/440,994filed Jun. 14, 2019, which is a Division of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 11/829,614 filed Jul. 27, 2007, and issued as U.S. Pat. No.10,329,164 B2 on Jun. 25, 2019, which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Application No. 60/820,918 entitled “System For And MethodOf Affecting Molecules And Atoms With Electromagnetic Radiation” toYoung, filed Jul. 31, 2006, the disclosures of which are incorporatedherein in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a method for selectively affecting targeted atomsand/or molecules by exposing the atoms and/or molecules to a frequencyor frequencies of electromagnetic radiation selected for the targetedatom or molecule.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Prior to this invention, a specific technique for determining targetedelectromagnetic radiation frequencies for affecting the atoms ormolecules was unknown.

The molecules that make up compositions of matter may be held togethervia chemical bonds, such as ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogenbonds. Cleavage of these bonds is of interest to scientists andmanufacturers, but effective methods of such cleavage have encounterednumerous obstacles.

Liu et al., Science 312, 1024 (2006) report resonant photodesorption ofhydrogen from a Si(111) surface using tunable infrared radiation.According to Liu et al., selective bond cleavage by vibration excitationis typically thwarted by energy thermalization. Tully, J. C., Science312, 1004 (2006) reports that the main impediment to IR mode-selectivechemistry is that vibrational energy tends to be redistributed rapidlywithin a molecule.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method ofbreaking (also referred to herein as “cleaving” or “dissociating”) abond between a first atom and a second atom in a molecule of a materialis presented. A first electromagnetic radiation frequency, the firstelectromagnetic radiation frequency comprising a product of a goldenmean and a base frequency associated with at least one of the first atomand the second atom is selected. A first electromagnetic radiation isdirected at the material, the first electromagnetic radiation having afrequency equal to the first electromagnetic radiation frequency. Thefirst electromagnetic radiation frequency is sufficient to break thebond between the first atom and the second atom.

Various optional features of the above embodiment include the following.The material may be a liquid and the liquid may be caused to cavitate.The first electromagnetic radiation frequency may further comprise apower of the golden mean, the power being a positive integer. The firstelectromagnetic radiation frequency (ν₁) may be defined by the equationν₁=A_(fr)·Φ^(n)·e·10^(m), where A_(fr) is a base frequency associatedwith either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, e is a naturallog base, n is an integer, and m is an integer. A second electromagneticradiation frequency may be selected, the second electromagneticradiation frequency comprising a product of a golden mean and a basefrequency associated with at least one of the first atom and the secondatom. A second electromagnetic radiation may be directed at thematerial, the second electromagnetic radiation having a frequency equalto the second electromagnetic radiation frequency, where the firstelectromagnetic radiation frequency and the second electromagneticradiation frequency are sufficient to break the bond between the firstatom and the second atom. The second electromagnetic radiation frequency(ν₂) may be defined by the equation ν₂=B_(fr)·e·10^(k), where B_(fr) isa base frequency associated with either the first or second atom, Φ is agolden mean, e is a natural log base, j is an integer, and k is aninteger. The term A_(fr) may be associated with the first atom andB_(fr) may be associated with the second atom. The terms A_(fr) andB_(fr) may be different. The terms A_(fr) and B_(fr) may be the same ordifferent; m and k may be the same or different; and n and j may be thesame or different. The material may be irradiated with a secondelectromagnetic radiation frequency (ν″) defined by the equationν″=A_(fr)·Φ^(x)·e^(−Lt)·10^(y), where A_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, L is the natural log of two, t is equal to n, xis an integer, and y is an integer. The material may be irradiated witha second electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν′″) defined by theequation ν′″=(A_(fr)·Φ^(a)·L⁻¹)·10^(b)e^(−L), where A_(fr) is a basefrequency associated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a goldenmean, e is a natural log base, L is the natural log of two, a is aninteger, and b is an integer. The method may comprise irradiation of amaterial with at least one frequency according to at least one of eachof ν₁, ν₂, ν″ and ν′″. The material may be irradiated with a first and asecond electromagnetic radiation having material concurrently, where thefirst electromagnetic radiation has a frequency of ν₁, and the secondelectromagnetic radiation has a frequency of ν″ and/or ν′″. One of thefirst or second atoms may be a hydrogen atom and the other of the firstor second atoms may be an oxygen atom. The hydrogen atom and the oxygenatom may be part of a water molecule and the material may be water. Thewater may be subjected to cavitation. The water may be subjected to amagnetic field. The electromagnetic field may be pulsed. Theelectromagnetic field may be pulsed at a frequency (ν_(p)) according tothe formula ν_(p)=A_(fr)·Φ^(n)·e·10^(m), where A_(fr) is a basefrequency associated with an atom in a water molecule, Φ is a goldenmean, e is a natural log base, n is an integer, and m is an integer.Electrical current may be caused to flow through the water. At least oneof m and k may be zero in the equations for ν₁ and ν₂. The terms n and jmay be zero, positive, or negative integers.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method ofstrengthening a bond between a first atom and a second atom in amolecule of a material is provided. The method includes selecting afirst electromagnetic radiation frequency, the first electromagneticradiation frequency including a product of a golden mean and a basefrequency associated with at least one of the first atom and the secondatom. The method also includes directing a first electromagneticradiation at the material, the first electromagnetic radiation having afrequency equal to the first electromagnetic radiation frequency, wherethe first electromagnetic radiation frequency is sufficient tostrengthen the bond between the first atom and the second atom.

Various optional features of an embodiment include the following. Thefirst electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν₁) may be defined by theequation ν₁=A_(fr)·Φ^(n)·e·10^(m), where A_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, n is an integer, and m is an integer. The methodmay include selecting a second electromagnetic radiation frequency, thesecond electromagnetic radiation frequency comprising a product of agolden mean and a base frequency associated with at least one of thefirst atom and the second atom, and directing a second electromagneticradiation at the material, the second electromagnetic radiation having afrequency equal to the second electromagnetic radiation frequency, wherethe first electromagnetic radiation frequency and the secondelectromagnetic radiation frequency are sufficient to strengthen thebond between the first atom and the second atom. The firstelectromagnetic radiation frequency (ν₁) may be defined by the equationν₁=A_(fr)·Φ^(n)e·10^(m), where A_(fr) is a base frequency associatedwith either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, e is a naturallog base, n is an integer, and m is an integer. The secondelectromagnetic radiation frequency (ν₂) may be defined by the equationν₂=B_(fr)·Φ^(j)·e·10^(k), where B_(fr) is a base frequency associatedwith either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, e is a naturallog base, j is an integer, and k is an integer. Any of the terms m, n,j, and k may be positive or negative integers. The material may beirradiated with a second electromagnetic radiation having a frequency(ν″) defined by the equation ν″=A_(fr)·Φ^(x)·e^(−Lt)·10^(y), whereA_(fr) is a base frequency associated with either the first or secondatom, Φ is a golden mean, e is a natural log base, L is the natural logof two, t is equal to n, x is an integer, and y is an integer. Thematerial may be irradiated with a second electromagnetic radiationhaving a frequency (ν′) defined by the equationν′″=(A_(fr)·Φ^(a)·L⁻¹)·10^(b)e^(−L), where A_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, L is the natural log of two, a is an integer, andb is an integer. The method may comprise irradiation of a material withelectromagnetic radiation having at least one frequency according to atleast one of each of ν₁, ν₂, ν″ and ν′″. The material may be irradiatedwith a first and a second electromagnetic radiation concurrently, wherethe first electromagnetic radiation has a frequency of ν₁, and thesecond electromagnetic radiation has a frequency of ν″ and/or ν′″. Theterms n and j may zero, positive, or negative integers.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method offacilitating the formation of a bond between a first atom and a secondatom is presented. The method includes selecting a first electromagneticradiation frequency, the first electromagnetic radiation frequencycomprising a product of a golden mean and a base frequency associatedwith at least one of the first atom and the second atom. The method alsoincludes directing a first electromagnetic radiation at the first andsecond atoms, the first electromagnetic radiation having a frequencyequal to the first electromagnetic radiation frequency, where the firstelectromagnetic radiation frequency is sufficient to facilitate theformation of the bond between the first atom and the second atom.

Various optional features of an embodiment include the following. Thefirst electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν₁) may be defined by theequation ν₁=A_(fr)·Φ^(n)·e·10^(m), where A_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, n is an integer, and m is an integer. The methodmay include selecting a second electromagnetic radiation frequency, thesecond electromagnetic radiation frequency comprising a product of agolden mean and a base frequency associated with at least one of thefirst atom and the second atom, and directing a second electromagneticradiation at the first and second atoms, the second electromagneticradiation having a frequency equal to the second electromagneticradiation frequency, where the first electromagnetic radiation frequencyand the second electromagnetic radiation frequency are sufficient tofacilitate the formation of the bond between the first atom and thesecond atom. The first electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν₁) may bedefined by the equation ν₁=A_(fr)·Φ^(n)·e·10^(m), where A_(fr) is a basefrequency associated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a goldenmean, e is a natural log base, n is an integer, and m is an integer. Thesecond electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν₂) may be defined by theequation ν₂=B_(fr)·Φ^(j)·e·10^(k), where B_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, j is an integer, and k is an integer. Any of theterms m, n, j, and k may be positive or negative integers. The terms nand j may be negative integers. The material may be irradiated with asecond electromagnetic radiation having a frequency (ν″) defined by theequation ν″=A_(fr)·Φ^(z)·e^(−Lt)·10^(y), where A_(fr) is a basefrequency associated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a goldenmean, e is a natural log base, L is the natural log of two, t is equalto n, x is an integer, and y is an integer. The material may beirradiated with a second electromagnetic radiation having a frequency(ν′) defined by the equation ν′″=(A_(fr)·Φ^(a)·L⁻¹)·10^(b)e^(−L), whereA_(fr) is a base frequency associated with either the first or secondatom, (d) is a golden mean, e is a natural log base, L is the naturallog of two, a is an integer, and b is an integer. The method maycomprise irradiation of a material with at least one frequency accordingto at least one of each of ν₁, ν₂, ν″ and ν′″. The material may beirradiated with a first and a second electromagnetic radiationconcurrently, where the first electromagnetic radiation has a frequencyof ν₁, and the second electromagnetic radiation has a frequency of ν″and/or ν′″.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method ofmimicking the presence of a molecule, the molecule having at least afirst atom and a second atom, in a material, is presented. The methodincludes selecting a first electromagnetic radiation frequency, thefirst electromagnetic radiation frequency comprising a product of agolden mean and a base frequency associated with at least one of thefirst atom and the second atom. The method also includes directing afirst electromagnetic radiation at the material, the firstelectromagnetic radiation having a frequency equal to the firstelectromagnetic radiation frequency, where the first electromagneticradiation frequency is sufficient to mimic the presence of a molecule ina material. In this embodiment, the first electromagnetic radiationfrequency (ν_(i)) may be defined by the equationν₁=A_(fr)·Φ^(n)·e·10^(m), where A_(fr) is a base frequency associatedwith either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, e is a naturallog base, n is an integer, and m is an integer. The material may beirradiated with a second electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν″)defined by the equation ν″=A_(fr)·Φ^(r)·e^(−Lt)·10^(y), where A_(fr) isa base frequency associated with either the first or second atom, Φ is agolden mean, e is a natural log base, L is the natural log of two, t isequal to n, x is an integer, and y is an integer. The material may beirradiated with a second electromagnetic radiation having a frequency(ν′) defined by the equation ν′″=(A_(fr)·Φ^(a)·L⁻¹)·10^(b)e^(−L), whereA_(fr) is a base frequency associated with either the first or secondatom, Φ is a golden mean, e is a natural log base, L is the natural logof two, a is an integer, and b is an integer. The method may compriseirradiation of a material with at least one frequency according to atleast one of each of ν₁, ν₂, ν″ and ν′″. The material may be irradiatedwith a first and a second electromagnetic radiation having materialconcurrently, where the first electromagnetic radiation has a frequencyof ν₁, and the second electromagnetic radiation has a frequency of ν″and/or ν′″.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method ofenhancing the electrolysis of water is provided. A first electromagneticradiation frequency (ν₁), defined by the equationν₁=A_(fr)·Φ^(n)·e·10^(m), is selected, where A_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with an atom in a water molecule, Φ is a golden mean, e is anatural log base, n is a non-negative integer, and m is a non-negativeinteger. A second electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν₂), defined bythe equation ν₂=B_(fr)·Φ^(j)·e·10^(k), is selected, where B_(fr) is abase frequency associated with an atom in a water molecule, Φ is agolden mean, e is a natural log base, j is a nonnegative integer, and kis a nonnegative integer. The water is caused to cavitate. A firstelectromagnetic radiation having the first frequency is directed at thewater. A second electromagnetic radiation having the second frequency isdirected at the water. The step of directing the first electromagneticradiation may occur simultaneously with the step of directing the secondelectromagnetic radiation. Electrical current is caused to flow throughthe water. An optional feature of the above embodiment includes that atleast one of m and k may be equal to zero.

SUMMARY OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic visualization of an electromagnetic radiationfrequency selection equation according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a method of cleaving chemical bonds by exposing thebonds to electromagnetic radiation according to an embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a correlation between the maximum absorptionfrequencies of chlorophyll “a” and irradiation frequencies correspondingto hydrogen and oxygen atoms according to an embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 4 illustrates cluster size reduction of water according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates an apparatus for reducing the size of macrostructuresof a fluid and for irradiating a bond between a first and second atomwith electromagnetic radiation according to an embodiment of theinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a system for manipulatingor affecting an atom or a molecule by exposing the atom or molecule toelectromagnetic radiation. By affecting a molecule, it is to beunderstood that the effect may be on any one or more of the atomscomprising the molecule. Furthermore, by affecting an atom or molecule,it is to be understood that a method of the invention includes affectingthe atomic or molecular electron orbitals, or a combination thereof, ofthe atom or molecule to be affected. Embodiments of the inventionprovide a way to select a discrete number of frequencies ofelectromagnetic radiation suitable for affecting an atom or molecule anda technique for affording an effect by irradiation of the atom ormolecule with at least one frequency of electromagnetic radiationselected thereby. Some embodiments of the invention provide a system forand method of cleaving or disassociating selected bonds by exposing thebonds to electromagnetic radiation. Other embodiments of the inventionprovide systems for and methods of selectively cleaving a bond between afirst and a second atom by exposing the bond to electromagneticradiation. In still other embodiments of the invention, theelectromagnetic radiation may be used to strengthen bonds, including thefacilitation of bond formation. In yet other embodiments of theinvention, the electromagnetic radiation may be used to mimic atomsand/or molecules.

The method of affecting an atom or molecule may be achieved byirradiating the atom or molecule with a frequency of electromagneticradiation (ν) according to Formula I, depicted below. In someembodiments, the frequencies of electromagnetic radiation (ν) accordingto Formula I fall within, and include, the range of yottahertz (yHz, onthe order of 10⁻²⁴ Hz) and yottahertz (Yhz, on the order of 10²⁴ Hz).Other embodiments employ frequencies falling within ranges such as, byway of non-limiting examples, 10⁻¹⁰ Hz through 10¹⁰ Hz, 10⁻⁵ Hz through10⁵ Hz, or 10⁵ Hz through 10²⁰ Hz.

ν=A _(fr)·Φ^(n) ·e  Formula I.

In Formula I, ν is the frequency of radiation used to affect the atom ormolecule. The term A_(fr) represents the base frequency of the atom(including those within a molecule) to be affected. A base frequency ofan atom is a spectroscopic parameter associated with that atom. Thespectroscopic parameter may be, by way of non-limiting example, afrequency corresponding to the maximum wavelength of absorption(λ_(max)) for the molecular form of that atom. The symbol Φ representsthe golden mean, equal to ½(1+√5). The variable n may be any integer,including negative integers, positive integers and zero, and may be thesame or different. The constant e is defined as the base for naturallogs, equal to about 2.71828. In some embodiments, simultaneous exposureof the atom to multiple electromagnetic radiation frequencies fallingwithin the scope of Formula I can be utilized. If the use of multipleelectromagnetic radiation frequencies suitable for affecting an atom isdesired, multiple electromagnetic radiation frequencies may bedetermined by solving Formula I for multiple values of n. It iscontemplated that two, three or up to eight or more frequencies (ν) ofelectromagnetic radiation may be used. The method of affecting the atomor molecule with multiple frequencies of electromagnetic radiationaccording to Formula I may be achieved by irradiation with the multiplefrequencies of electromagnetic radiation simultaneously, sequentially orin a combination thereof. In other embodiments, exposure to a singleelectromagnetic frequency falling within the scope of Formula I may beutilized.

In certain embodiments of the invention, it is contemplated that thefrequencies of electromagnetic radiation useful for affecting atoms ormolecules may be various orders of magnitude of the frequency ofelectromagnetic radiation determinable by Formula I. Formula II may besolved in order to determine the frequencies of electromagneticradiation (ν′) that may be used to affect an atom or molecule accordingto an embodiment of the invention. In some embodiments, the frequencies(ν′) of electromagnetic radiation according to Formula II fall within,and include, the range of yoctaherz (yHz, on the order of 10⁻²⁴ Hz) andyottahertz (Yhz, on the order of 10²⁴ Hz). Other embodiments employfrequencies falling within ranges such as, by way of non-limitingexamples, 10⁻¹⁰ Hz through 10¹⁰ Hz, 10⁻⁵ Hz through 10⁵ Hz, or 10⁵ Hzthrough 10²⁰ Hz. Note that in certain embodiments, both ν and ν′ fallwithin these ranges. That is, once values for ν are calculated accordingto Formula I that fall within a given range, then additional orders ofmagnitude of ν, calculated as ν′ according to Formula II, may becalculated such that they still lie within the given range.

ν′=ν·10^(m) =A _(fr)·Φ^(n) ·e·10^(m)  Formula II.

In Formula II, the term ν′ is the frequency of radiation used to affectan atom or molecule and ν is as in Formula I. The term A_(fr) representsthe base frequency of the atom (including those in a molecule) to beaffected. A base frequency of the atom is a spectroscopic parameterassociated with that atom. The spectroscopic parameter may be, by way ofnon-limiting example, a frequency corresponding to the maximumwavelength of absorption (λ_(max)) for the molecular form of that atom.The symbol Φ represents the golden mean, equal to ½(1+√5). The variablesn and m may be any integer, including negative integers, positiveintegers and zero, and may be the same or different. The constant e isdefined as the base for natural logs, equal to about 2.71828. In someembodiments, simultaneous exposure of the atom or molecule to multipleelectromagnetic radiation frequencies falling within the scope ofFormula II can be utilized. If the use of multiple electromagneticradiation frequencies suitable for affecting an atom or molecule isdesired, multiple electromagnetic radiation frequencies may bedetermined by solving Formula II for multiple values of n or m, or acombination thereof. If it is desired to affect multiple atoms presentor multiple atoms of a molecule, multiple frequencies may further bedetermined according to Formula II by inputting the base frequencyparameter A_(fr) for each bonded atom. It is contemplated that two,three or up to eight or more frequencies of electromagnetic radiation(ν′) may be used. The atoms or molecules to be affected may beirradiated with the multiple frequencies of electromagnetic radiationsimultaneously, sequentially or in a combination thereof. In otherembodiments, exposure to a single electromagnetic radiation frequencyfalling within the scope of Formula II may be utilized.

FIG. 1 is a schematic visualization of Formula II according to anembodiment of the present invention. The xy-plane contains a goldenspiral 100. In polar coordinates, golden spiral 100 complies with theformula r=Φ^(2θ/π), where (r,θ) represents respective polar coordinates(radius, angle from the positive x-axis), 1 represents the golden mean,and π is the well-known mathematical constant equal to about 3.14.Values of ν (according to Formula I) are depicted where golden spiral100 intersects the x- and y-axes. Specifically, a value for ν when n=0appears at the origin (0,0), and additional values for ν are plotted onthe x- and y-axes by traversing golden spiral 100 counterclockwise andoutward as n increases. For example, the value of ν for n=20 appears onthe y-axis at 110 and the value of ν for n=17 appears on the x-axis at120. Orders of magnitude of each ν value according to Formula II aredepicted above and below the respective ν value outside of the xy-plane.That is, orders of magnitude of a particular value of ν lie along theline parallel to the z-axis passing through the particular location inthe xy-plane at which that value for ν is depicted. Orders of magnitudeof ν values for which m is negative appear below the xy-plane, whileorders of magnitude of ν values for which m is positive appear above thexy-plane. For example and according to Formula II, ν′ when n=17 and m=9appears at 130 in FIG. 1 . In sum, FIG. 1 depicts a polar representationof Formula II as limit [yHz→YHz] ν_(p)=A_(fr)·Φ^(n)·e·10^(m), whereν₁→ν₂₀, etc. are representations of the “prime EMF” existing on thexy-axis for a targeted element (e.g., hydrogen), and its respective“prime EMF octaves,” existing on the z-axis, where the octaves=(specificprime EMF×10^(m)), and where m=±integers and n=±integers. Note that whenn is positive, the spiral curve will rotate in a counter clockwisedirection (as depicted), but when n is negative, the spiral curve willrotate in the opposite (clockwise) direction instead, ceterus peribus.Note further that FIG. 1 is not to scale and for illustration purposesonly.

As seen in FIG. 1 , Formula II may be used to calculate a finite numberof specific values of electromagnetic frequencies for each type of atom(i.e. each element). From this finite number of electromagneticfrequencies, a technician with the aid of a tunable electromagneticradiation frequency generator will be able to simply tune through thegiven predetermined electromagnetic frequencies corresponding to FormulaII for the specific type of atom selected and observe and record whichselect electromagnetic frequency or frequencies are suitable foraffecting the atom or molecule in the manner desired.

One embodiment of the invention includes a process of affecting amolecule in order to cleave or disassociate a bond between a first and asecond atom. The first and second atoms may be of the same or differentelements. Cleavage occurs by exposing the bond to electromagneticradiation at a frequency according to Formula II. In some embodiments,covalent bonds (including polar covalent bonds), ionic bonds, hydrogenbonds and van der Waals interactions may be cleaved or disassociated bythe method described herein.

In Formula II, the term ν′ is the frequency of radiation used to cleavethe bond. The term A_(fr) represents the base frequency of one of theatoms that is bonded. A base frequency of one of the first or secondatoms is a spectroscopic parameter associated with that atom. Thespectroscopic parameter may be, by way of non-limiting example, afrequency corresponding to the maximum wavelength of absorption(λ_(max)) for the molecular form of that atom. The symbol Φ representsthe golden mean, equal to ½(1+√5). The variables n and m may be anyinteger, including negative integers, positive integers and zero, andmay be the same or different. In some embodiments, methods of cleavingor disassociating bonds are achieved by irradiating the bonds withfrequencies of electromagnetic radiation selected from Formula IIwherein the variable n is a positive integer. The constant e is definedas the base for natural logs, equal to about 2.71828. In someembodiments, simultaneous exposure of the bond to multipleelectromagnetic radiation frequencies falling within the scope ofFormula II can be utilized. If the use of multiple electromagneticradiation frequencies suitable for cleaving a bond comprising a specificfirst atom and a second atom is desired, multiple electromagneticradiation frequencies may be determined by solving Formula II formultiple values of n or m, or combinations thereof. Such multiplefrequencies may further be determined according to Formula II byinputting the base frequency parameter A_(fr) for each bonded atom. Itis contemplated that two, three or up to eight or more frequencies ofelectromagnetic radiation (ν′) may be used. The bonds to be cleaved maybe irradiated with the multiple frequencies of electromagnetic radiationsimultaneously, sequentially or in a combination thereof. In otherembodiments, exposure to a single electromagnetic frequency fallingwithin the scope of Formula II may be utilized.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the invention whereinelectromagnetic radiation (E) is directed to a material 200. Theelectromagnetic radiation (E) is generated by an electromagneticfrequency generator 210, such as by way of non-limiting examples, alaser, maser or oscillator. The frequency (ν′) of the electromagneticradiation is selected according to Formula II. The material may be inany form, such as a solid, liquid or gas. Depending on the atom utilizedto determine the base frequency (A_(fr)) input into Formula II, theelectromagnetic radiation (E) can be used to selectively cleave a bondbetween two atoms in the material 200, where the base frequency utilizedto solve Formula II corresponds to at least one of the atoms in thematerial.

Formula II may be used to calculate a finite number of specific valuesof electromagnetic frequencies for each type of atom (i.e. eachelement). From this finite number of electromagnetic frequencies, atechnician with the aid of a tunable electromagnetic radiation frequencygenerator will be able to simply tune through the given predeterminedelectromagnetic frequencies corresponding to Formula II for the specifictype of atom selected and observe and record which selectelectromagnetic frequency or frequencies are suitable for cleaving themolecule. Such a technician may simply observe the material for signsthat bonds have been broken.

One embodiment of the invention includes a method for cleaving ahydrogen-containing covalent bond, i.e. a covalent bond where one of theatoms is a hydrogen atom. When one of the first or second atoms is ahydrogen atom, the base frequency may be solved for hydrogen or for thesecond atom to which the hydrogen atom is bonded. Determination of thebase frequency for hydrogen (H_(fr)) is accomplished by firstdetermining the maximum wavelength of absorption (λ_(max)) for diatomic(molecular) hydrogen (H₂). The base frequency of an element isdetermined by the formula:

A _(fr) =C/λ _(max)  Formula III.

In Formula III, the term c represents the speed of light. Accordingly,with a maximum wavelength of 21.1 cm, the base frequency for groundstate, natural hydrogen (H_(fr)) is about 1.420405751698 GHz.

The process of cleaving a covalent bond between a hydrogen atom andanother atom may include directing electromagnetic radiation of one ormore of the frequencies according to Formula II at a material havingmolecules with at least one covalent bond between a hydrogen atom andanother atom. In one embodiment of the invention, such a process mayinclude the use of one or more frequencies according to Formula II thatare solved by inputting an A_(fr) into Formula II that corresponds tothe base frequency of hydrogen (HO. Table I illustrates examplefrequencies of electromagnetic radiation for cleaving a covalent bondbetween a hydrogen atom and a second atom. As illustrated in Table I,the frequencies can range from the low gigahertz range through thepetahertz range and beyond. Frequencies ranging from Yottahertz (yHz, onthe order of 10⁻²⁴ Hz) radiation through, and including, Yottahertz(Yhz, on the order of 10²⁴ Hz) are contemplated. Other embodimentsemploy frequencies falling within ranges such as, by way of non-limitingexamples, 10⁻¹⁰ Hz through 10¹⁰ Hz, 10⁻⁵ Hz through 10⁵ Hz, or 10⁵ Hzthrough 10²⁰ Hz.

TABLE I Exemplary Frequencies For Cleaving a Covalent Bond That Bonds aHydrogen to Another Atom H_(fr) · Φ⁰ · e · 10⁰ 3.861063144 GHz H_(fr) ·Φ¹ · e · 10⁰ 6.247331399 GHz H_(fr) · Φ² · e · 10⁰ 10.10839454 GHzH_(fr) · Φ³ · e · 10⁰ 16.35572594 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁴ · e · 10⁰ 26.46412048GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁵ · e · 10⁰ 42.81984642 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁶ · e · 10⁰69.2839669 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁷ · e · 10⁰ 112.1038133 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁸ · e ·10⁰ 181.3877802 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁹ · e · 10⁰ 0.2934915935 THz H_(fr) · Φ¹⁰· e · 10⁰ 0.4748793737 THz H_(fr) · Φ¹¹ · e · 10⁰ 0.7683709672 THzH_(fr) · Φ¹² · e · 10⁰ 1.243250341 THz H_(fr) · Φ¹³ · e · 10⁰2.011621308 THz H_(fr) · Φ¹⁴ · e · 10⁰ 3.254871649 THz H_(fr) · Φ¹⁵ · e· 10⁰ 5.266492956 THz H_(fr) · Φ¹⁶ · e · 10⁰ 8.521364605 THz H_(fr) ·Φ¹⁷ · e · 10⁰ 13.78785756 THz H_(fr) · Φ¹⁸ · e · 10⁰ 22.3092216 THzH_(fr) · Φ¹⁹ · e · 10⁰ 36.09707972 THz H_(fr) · Φ²⁰ · e · 10⁰58.40630188 THz H_(fr) · Φ²¹ · e · 10⁰ 94.50338158 THz H_(fr) · Φ²² · e· 10⁰ 152.9096835 THz H_(fr) · Φ²³ · e · 10⁰ 247.413065 THz H_(fr) · Φ²⁴· e · 10⁰ 0.4003227485 PHz H_(fr) · Φ²⁵ · e · 10⁰ 0.6477358136 PHzH_(fr) · Φ²⁶ · e · 10⁰ 1.048058562 PHz H_(fr) · Φ²⁷ · e · 10⁰1.695794376 PHz H_(fr) · Φ²⁸ · e · 10⁰ 2.743852938 PHz H_(fr) · Φ²⁹ · e· 10⁰ 4.439647313 PHz H_(fr) · Φ³⁰ · e · 10⁰ 7.18350025 PHz H_(fr) · Φ³¹· e · 10⁰ 11.62314756 PHz H_(fr) · Φ³² · e · 10⁰ 18.80664781 PHz

In some embodiments of the invention, bonds can be dissociated byexposing the bonds to electromagnetic radiation comprising a frequencyaccording Formula II without any additional processes or steps. In otherembodiments, the process of cleaving bonds by exposure toelectromagnetic radiation having a frequency according to Formula II maybe combined with another process known to be useful for breaking bonds,such as by way of a non-limiting example, electrolysis.

In one embodiment of the invention, the process for cleaving a covalentbond between a hydrogen atom and a second atom is used for cleaving thehydrogen-oxygen bonds in water. In the case of water, thehydrogen-oxygen bonds can be cleaved by directing electromagneticradiation with at least one frequency according to Formula II at thebonds while also utilizing another method known to be useful in breakingthe hydrogen-oxygen bonds of water, such as electrolysis, or bydirecting electromagnetic radiation with one or more frequenciesaccording to Formula II at the water alone.

Experimentation has shown that by exposing water to electromagneticradiation according to Formula II, efficiency of electrolysis of thewater increased by about 1,250% compared to electrolysis alone. Moreparticularly, electrolysis of water combined with exposure of the waterto electromagnetic radiation according to Formula II increased thevolume of gas produced by 1,250% compared to electrolysis alone whenconducted under otherwise identical conditions.

In some embodiments of the invention, the process of cleaving a bondbetween a first and second atom with electromagnetic radiation does notinclude a process of cleaving a silicon-hydrogen bond. In otherembodiments of the invention, the process of cleaving a bond connectinga hydrogen to a second atom by exposing the bond to electromagneticradiation according to Formula II does not include irradiation withelectromagnetic radiation having a frequency of 6.2×10² THz (i.e.,electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength of 4.8 microns). In stillother embodiments of the invention, the process of cleaving asilicon-hydrogen bond by exposing the silicon-hydrogen bond toelectromagnetic radiation according to Formula II does not includeexposing the silicon-hydrogen bond to electromagnetic radiation having afrequency of 6.2×10² THz.

In another embodiment of the invention, a bond between an oxygen atomand a second atom can be cleaved by exposing the bond to electromagneticradiation having a frequency according to Formula II. For cleaving abond between an oxygen atom and a second atom, Formula II may be solvedutilizing a base frequency for oxygen or for the atom to which oxygen isbonded. The base frequency of oxygen (O_(fr)) may be determined byinputting the maximum absorption wavelength (λ_(max)) for diatomic(molecular) oxygen (O₂) into Formula III. Because the maximum absorptionwavelength of oxygen is 760 nm the base frequency of atmospheric, groundstate triplet oxygen comprising O₁₆, O₁₇ and O₁₈ in atmosphericproportions (O_(fr)) is determined to be about 0.3947368421 PHz.

The process of cleaving a covalent bond between an oxygen atom andanother atom may include directing electromagnetic radiation of one ormore of the frequencies according to Formula II at a material havingmolecules with at least one covalent bond between an oxygen atom andanother atom. In one embodiment of the invention, such a process mayinclude the use of one or more frequencies according to Formula II thatare solved by inputting a base frequency (A_(fr)) into Formula II thatcorresponds to the base frequency of oxygen (O_(fr)). Table IIillustrates examples of electromagnetic radiation frequencies forcleaving a covalent bond between an oxygen atom and a second atom.

TABLE II Exemplary Frequencies For Cleaving a Covalent Bond That Bondsan Oxygen to Another Atom O_(fr) · Φ⁰ · e · 10⁰ 1.073005985 PHz O_(fr) ·Φ¹ · e · 10⁰ 1.736160154 PHz O_(fr) · Φ² · e · 10⁰ 2.809166138 PHzO_(fr) · Φ³ · e · 10⁰ 4.545326292 PHz O_(fr) · Φ⁴ · e · 10⁰ 7.35449243PHz O_(fr) · Φ⁵ · e · 10⁰ 11.89981872 PHz O_(fr) · Φ⁶ · e · 10⁰19.25431115 PHz O_(fr) · Φ⁷ · e · 10⁰ 31.15412987 PHz O_(fr) · Φ⁸ · e ·10⁰ 50.40844102 PHz O_(fr) · Φ⁹ · e · 10⁰ 81.56257087 PHz O_(fr) · Φ¹⁰ ·e · 10⁰ 131.9710119 PHz O_(fr) · Φ¹¹ · e · 10⁰ 213.5335827 PHz O_(fr) ·Φ¹² · e · 10⁰ 345.5045946 PHz O_(fr) · Φ¹³ · e · 10⁰ 559.0381773 PHzO_(fr) · Φ¹⁴ · e · 10⁰ 904.5427719 PHz O_(fr) · Φ¹⁵ · e · 10⁰1.463580949 EHz O_(fr) · Φ¹⁶ · e · 10⁰ 2.368123721 EHz O_(fr) · Φ¹⁷ · e· 10⁰ 3.83170467 EHz O_(fr) · Φ¹⁸ · e · 10⁰ 6.199828391 EHz O_(fr) · Φ¹⁹· e · 10⁰ 10.03153306 EHz O_(fr) · Φ²⁰ · e · 10⁰ 16.23136145 EHz O_(fr)· Φ²¹ · e · 10⁰ 26.26289451 EHz O_(fr) · Φ²² · e · 10⁰ 42.49425596 EHzO_(fr) · Φ²³ · e · 10⁰ 68.75715046 EHz O_(fr) · Φ²⁴ · e · 10⁰111.2514064 EHz O_(fr) · Φ²⁵ · e · 10⁰ 180.0085569 EHz O_(fr) · Φ²⁶ · e· 10⁰ 291.2599633 EHz O_(fr) · Φ²⁷ · e · 10⁰ 471.2685202 EHz O_(fr) ·Φ²⁸ · e · 10⁰ 762.5284835 EHz O_(fr) · Φ²⁹ · e · 10⁰ 1.233797004 ZHzO_(fr) · Φ³⁰ · e · 10⁰ 1.996325487 ZHz O_(fr) · Φ³¹ · e · 10⁰ 3.23012249ZHz O_(fr) · Φ³² · e · 10⁰ 5.226447977 ZHz O_(fr) · Φ³³ · e · 10⁰8.456570467 ZHz O_(fr) · Φ³⁴ · e · 10⁰ 13.68301844 ZHz O_(fr) · Φ³⁵ · e· 10⁰ 22.13958891 ZHz O_(fr) · Φ³⁶ · e · 10⁰ 35.82260735 ZHz O_(fr) ·Φ³⁷ · e · 10⁰ 57.96219626 ZHz

It is contemplated that some embodiments of the invention includeexposing a bond to electromagnetic radiation comprising multiplefrequencies according to Formula II. In some embodiments of theinvention, such frequencies may be obtained by solving Formula II formultiple values of n or m, or a combination thereof. In otherembodiments of the invention, such frequencies may be obtained bysolving Formula II for the base frequencies of each of the bonded atoms.That is, each electromagnetic radiation frequency may correspond to adifferent base frequency. In still other embodiments of the invention,such electromagnetic radiation frequencies may be determined by solvingFormula II for the base frequencies of each of the bonded atoms andsolving for various values of n or m, or a combination thereof, for eachbase frequency. For example, it is contemplated that in one embodimentof the invention, a hydrogen-oxygen bond can be irradiated withelectromagnetic radiation comprising at least one frequency of Table Iand at least one frequency of Table II.

In one embodiment of the invention, the frequencies of electromagneticradiation utilized for cleaving a bond between a first and a second atomwill correspond to at least one frequency of electromagnetic radiationaccording to Formula II solved for the base frequency of the first atomand at least one frequency of electromagnetic radiation according toFormula II solved for the base frequency of the second atom. In suchembodiments, there are multiple, at least two, electromagnetic radiationfrequencies utilized to cleave the bond. In some embodiments, thefrequencies of electromagnetic radiation utilized to cleave a bond willbe selected such that all frequencies selected are within 5% of largestfrequency value selected. In other embodiments, the frequencies selectedwill all be within 10% of largest frequency value selected. In someembodiments of the invention, the bond between a first and second atomto be cleaved will be irradiated with a narrow band of electromagneticradiation that includes the multiple frequencies of electromagneticradiation selected according to the process described above. In otherembodiments, the bond between a first and second atom to be cleaved willbe irradiated with multiple specific electromagnetic radiationfrequencies that correspond to the electromagnetic radiation frequenciesselected according to the process described above.

FIG. 3 depicts the absorption maxima of chlorophyll “a”, 300 and 310.Chlorophyll “a” is a photoreceptor that is known to absorb red and bluelight, resulting in the initiation of the cleavage of water (H₂O) intohydrogen and oxygen, which then are used to begin a plant's productionof carbohydrates. As illustrated in FIG. 3 , when base frequency(A_(fr)) corresponds to the base frequency of hydrogen, Formula IIpredicts both the blue and the red wavelength absorption maxima ofchlorophyll “a”. Likewise, when base frequency (A_(fr)) corresponds tothe base frequency of oxygen, Formula II also predicts both the blue andthe red absorption wavelength maxima of chlorophyll “a”. Therefore, thisshows that Formula II accurately predicts the relationship between thebase frequencies of hydrogen and oxygen and known biological realities.

In one embodiment of the invention, it is contemplated that cleavage ofa bond between a first and second atom may be accomplished for aspecific isotope of either or both of the first and second atoms. Insuch a process, a frequency of electromagnetic radiation according toFormula II may be determined utilizing a base frequency of a specificisotope of either the first or second atom. For example, the basefrequency may be determined for hydrogen (¹H), deuterium (²H) or tritium(³H). Isotope selectivity may be desired in some embodiments for variousreasons. For example, in an embodiment where the first or second atom isa hydrogen isotope, the process could be utilized to selectively cleavehydrogen, deuterium, or tritium in order to produce molecular hydrogen(¹H₂), molecular deuterium (²H₂) or molecular tritium (³H₂),respectively. In one embodiment of the invention, it is contemplatedthat cleavage of a bond between a first atom and a second atom will beaccomplished by irradiating the bond with electromagnetic radiationhaving a frequency according to Formula II, where Formula II is solvedfor the base frequency of the first or second atom with the smalleratomic mass. The atomic mass of an atom is the sum of the mass of theneutrons, protons and electrons of the atom.

Irradiating a bond utilizing a specific frequency or a narrow band ofelectromagnetic radiation is generally more efficient compared to theuse of broad-band electromagnetic radiation for several reasons. Byirradiating a bond with a specific frequency of electromagneticradiation specifically selected to cleave the bond, instead of abroad-band of electromagnetic radiation, less energy is required tocleave the bond because energy will not be wasted on emittingfrequencies that are ineffective at cleaving the desired bond. It isalso contemplated that certain frequencies of electromagnetic radiationmay adversely impact the desired bond cleavage. Accordingly, for atleast these reasons, the use of specific frequencies of electromagneticradiation facilitates bond cleavage with less energy requirements thanwould be required by broad-band irradiation.

Furthermore, utilization of a specific frequency of electromagneticradiation for cleaving a bond between a first and second atom may beadvantageous when it is desired to cleave a specific bond in a moleculethat has more than two types of atoms. For example irradiation ofmethanol (H₃COH) with electromagnetic radiation having a frequencyaccording to Formula II where the base frequency is the base frequencyof hydrogen (H_(fr)) may be useful for cleaving the hydrogen-oxygen andthe hydrogen-carbon bonds, while leaving the carbon-oxygen bond intact.

In one embodiment of the invention, a second process may be utilized incombination with a first process to facilitate bond cleavage (the firstprocess being the application of electromagnetic radiation having afrequency according to Formula II). The second process is particularlyuseful when the material is a liquid. It is contemplated that the secondprocess may be useful when, e.g., a liquid tends to form macrostructuresor quasicrystals via non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogenbonding, van der Waals forces, etc. The second process involvessubjecting the liquid to cavitation, such as in a spiral vortex, apulsed magnetic field, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, themagnetic field can be pulsed at at least one frequency that correspondsto Formula II.

The second process may be utilized in concert with the first process inorder to increase the efficiency of bond cleavage by exposing the bondswhich are to be cleaved to the electromagnetic radiation of the firstprocess. The second process, if utilized in concert with the firstprocess, may occur concurrently or sequentially with the first process.The second process may also be useful in facilitating other methods ofbond cleavage, such as electrolysis.

FIG. 4 illustrates super 400 and icosahedral 410 water clusters, whichmay comprise hundreds or even thousands of water molecules. While notwishing to be bound by any theory of operation, it is believed that theformation of these clusters limits the number of covalenthydrogen-oxygen bonds that are exposed to the electromagnetic radiationof the first process. The “surface” of the cluster appears to block muchof the electromagnetic radiation from entering the “interior” of thecluster. Therefore, it is believed that while the hydrogen-oxygen bondsthat are on the “surface” of the cluster are exposed to theelectromagnetic radiation, the hydrogen-oxygen bonds that are within thecluster are largely un-exposed and, thus, are not susceptible toelectromagnetic-radiation-induced bond cleavage. It is also believedthat when used with water, the second process breaks the large waterclusters 400 and 410 into smaller water clusters 420, as schematicallyillustrated in FIG. 4 . Because the smaller water clusters possess fewerwater molecules, fewer hydrogen-oxygen bonds are shielded from theelectromagnetic radiation by the “surface” of the cluster. Accordingly,when the macrostructure of the water molecules is in the form of smallwater clusters 420, the hydrogen-oxygen bonds are more exposed toelectromagnetic radiation and more readily cleaved. Therefore, in oneembodiment, the second process can be initially utilized to break thesuper 400 and icosahedral 410 clusters into smaller cluster sizes 420,followed by the first process utilized to cleave the bonds in thesmaller clusters 420. Accordingly, the second process can be used incombination with the first process in a method of cleaving, e.g., thehydrogen-oxygen bond of water. In sum, as depicted in FIG. 4 , breakingdown the cluster sizes into manageable chains and rings by moving thewater (a dipole molecule) through a pulsating magnetic flux retardsongoing re-configuration, aligning molecules as they are in ice,reducing H-bonding possibilities without freezing. Once aligned,continuing pulsation of magnetic flux within increasingly smallercavities causes cavitation, systematically breaking down moleculesfurther without chance of molecular reconstituting or reformation (i.e.,large clusters are not reformed).

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of the invention which combines a firstprocess (the application of electromagnetic radiation having at leastone frequency of Formula II) with a second process (facilitation of bondcleavage by exposure of the water to cavitation and a pulsed magneticfield). FIG. 5 illustrates an apparatus 500 comprising a coiledcylindrical body 510. Although the invention is not limited to such anembodiment, the coiled cylindrical body depicted in FIG. 5 proceeds froman outer coil 520 to an inner coil 530. As the coiled body 510 proceedsfrom the outer coil 520 to the inner coil 530, the diameter of the coil540 becomes progressively smaller. At the open end of the outer coil,the interior of the coiled cylindrical body is accessible via the mouth550 of the cylinder. In some embodiments, as the coiled body proceedsfrom the outer coil 520 to the inner coil 530, the diameter of thecylindrical portion of the body 560 becomes progressively smaller.Furthermore, in some embodiments, the interior of the cylindrical bodyis lined with a coil of electromagnetic transmitting nodes 570. Theelectromagnetic transmitting nodes 570 may emit electromagneticradiation having one or more frequencies according to Formula II,including frequencies obtained by plugging the base frequencies of oneor both of the atoms involved in the bond that is to be cleaved intoFormula II. In some embodiments of the invention, differentelectromagnetic frequencies of Formula II are transmitted by differentportions of the electromagnetic transmitting nodes 570. In otherembodiments of the invention, the electromagnetic frequenciestransmitted by the electromagnetic transmitting nodes 570 may not be thesame throughout the entire process. In other words, if desired, theelectromagnetic transmitting nodes 570 at specific points along theinterior of the coiled cylindrical body may change the frequency ofelectromagnetic radiation transmitted. Furthermore, although theinvention is not so limited, the apparatus of FIG. 5 comprises magneticwindings 580 that are spaced intermittently along the coiled cylindricalbody. In another embodiment of the invention, the magnetic windings maybe continuously placed along the coiled cylindrical body.

In one embodiment of the invention, the apparatus of FIG. 5 can beutilized in a method for cleaving the hydrogen-oxygen bonds of water.The method can be utilized, e.g., for generating hydrogen gas (H₂) andoxygen gas (O₂). Water can be introduced into the mouth 550 of theapparatus whereby it will become subject to the electromagneticfrequencies according to Formula II being transmitted by theelectromagnetic transmitting nodes 570 found within the interior of thecoiled cylindrical body 510. As the water flows inward inside the coiledcylindrical body 510, the large water clusters, such as super 400 andicosahedral 410 clusters, will be broken into smaller clusters 420because of, e.g., (1) the spiraling flow or “vortex” of the water; (2)the decreasing diameter of the cylindrical body; and (3) the magneticpulsation of the magnetic coils. The hydrogen-oxygen bonds of water inthe smaller clusters 420 will then be more susceptible to bond cleavageinduced by the electromagnetic radiation transmitted by theelectromagnetic transmitting nodes 570. In various embodiments of theinvention, the use of any manner of breaking large water clusters intosmaller clusters is contemplated, including those recited herein, andany other known method of breaking large water clusters into smallerclusters, or any combinations thereof.

Furthermore, it is contemplated that in some embodiments of theinvention, a method of cleaving bonds comprising the first and secondprocesses may further be combined with another process known to beuseful in cleaving bonds. For example, electrolysis is known to convertH₂O to H₂ and O₂. Accordingly, the first and second processes may beused to increase the efficiency of electrolysis. Using a broad-bandelectromagnetic frequency generator, electrolysis of water was observedto increase by about 1,250% when compared to electrolysis alone.

In some embodiments of the invention, the process of affecting an atomor a molecule by exposing the atom or molecule to electromagneticradiation having a frequency according to Formula II may be acceleratedor retarded by additionally irradiating the atom or molecule withelectromagnetic radiation with a frequency according to Formula IV,electromagnetic radiation with a frequency according to Formula V, or acombination thereof. Formula IV and Formula V are described below. Inother embodiments, electromagnetic radiation having a frequencyaccording to either or both of Formula IV and Formula V may be utilized,independent of electromagnetic radiation having a frequency according toFormula II, in order to cause elements, atoms, compounds, or acombination thereof, to be more or less reactive. Formula IV and FormulaV may affect energy states and bonding potentials of all atomic matter,such as by affecting electron orbitals of elements, atoms, compounds ora combination thereof.

ν″=ν·e ^(−Lt-1)·10^(m) =A _(fr)·Φ^(n) ·e ^(−Lt)·10^(m)  Formula IV.

In Formula IV, the term ν″ is the frequency of electromagnetic radiationuseful for accelerating or retarding the rate of the process ofaffecting the atom or the molecule by exposing the atom or molecule toelectromagnetic radiation having a frequency according to Formula II. Insome embodiments, the process to be accelerated or retarded may be aprocess of cleaving bonds between a first and a second atom. The termA_(fr) represents the base frequency of one of the atoms that is bonded.A base frequency of one of the first or second atoms is a spectroscopicparameter associated with that atom. The spectroscopic parameter may be,by way of non-limiting example, a frequency corresponding to the maximumwavelength of absorption (λ_(max)) for the molecular form of that atomand may be determined according to Formula III. The symbol Φ representsthe golden mean, equal to ½(1+√5). The variables n and m may be anyinteger, including negative integers, positive integers and zero, andmay be the same or different. The constant e is defined as the base fornatural logs, equal to about 2.71828. The constant L is defined as thenatural log of the number two, equal to about 0.693. The variable t isequal to the variable n. In some embodiments, the variable n is anegative number when the electromagnetic radiation frequency accordingto Formula IV is utilized to retard the process of affecting an atom ormolecule with electromagnetic radiation having a frequency according toFormula II. In other embodiments, the variable n is a negative numberwhen the electromagnetic radiation frequency according to Formula IV isutilized to make an atom, element or molecule less reactive. In someembodiments, the variable n is a positive number when theelectromagnetic radiation frequency according to Formula IV is utilizedto accelerate the process of affecting an atom or molecule withelectromagnetic radiation having a frequency according to Formula II. Inother embodiments, the variable n is a positive number when theelectromagnetic radiation frequency according to Formula IV is utilizedto make an atom, element or molecule more reactive.

In some embodiments, the frequencies (ν″) of electromagnetic radiationaccording to Formula IV fall within, and include, the range of yoctaherz(yHz, on the order of 10⁻²⁴ Hz) and yottahertz (Yhz, on the order of10²⁴ Hz). Other embodiments employ frequencies falling within rangessuch as, by way of non-limiting examples, 10⁻¹⁰ Hz through 10¹⁰ Hz, 10⁻⁵Hz through 10⁵ Hz, or 10⁵ Hz through 10²⁰ Hz. Note that in certainembodiments, both ν (according to Formula I) and ν″ fall within theseranges. That is, once values for ν are calculated according to Formula Ithat fall within a given range, then additional orders of magnitude ofν, calculated as ν″ according to Formula IV, may be calculated such thatthey still lie within the given range.

ν′″=(ν·L ⁻¹)·10^(m) e ^(−L-1)=(A _(fr)·Φ^(n) ·L ⁻¹)·10^(m) e^(−L)  Formula V.

In Formula V, the term ν′″ is the frequency of electromagnetic radiationuseful for accelerating or retarding the rate of the process ofaffecting an atom or a molecule by exposing the atom or molecule toelectromagnetic radiation having a frequency according to Formula V. Insome embodiments, the process to be accelerated or retarded may be aprocess of cleaving bonds between a first and a second atom. The termA_(fr) represents the base frequency of one of the atoms that is bonded.A base frequency of one of the first or second atoms is a spectroscopicparameter associated with that atom. The spectroscopic parameter may be,by way of non-limiting example, a frequency corresponding to the maximumwavelength of absorption (λ_(max)) for the molecular form of that atomand may be determined according to Formula III. The symbol Φ representsthe golden mean, equal to ½(1+√5). The variables n and m may be anyinteger, including negative integers, positive integers and zero, andmay be the same or different. The constant e is defined as the base fornatural logs, equal to about 2.71828. The constant L is defined as thenatural log of the number two, equal to about 0.693. In someembodiments, the variable n is a negative number when theelectromagnetic radiation frequency according to Formula V is utilizedto retard the process of affecting an atom or molecule withelectromagnetic radiation having a frequency according to Formula II. Inother embodiments, the variable n is a negative number when theelectromagnetic radiation frequency according to Formula V is utilizedto make an atom, element or molecule less reactive. In some embodiments,the variable n is a positive number when the electromagnetic radiationfrequency according to Formula V is utilized to accelerate the processof affecting an atom or molecule with electromagnetic radiation having afrequency according to Formula II. In other embodiments, the variable nis a positive number when the electromagnetic radiation frequencyaccording to Formula V is utilized to make an atom, element or moleculemore reactive.

In some embodiments, the frequencies (ν′″) of electromagnetic radiationaccording to Formula V fall within, and include, the range of yoctaherz(yHz, on the order of 10⁻²⁴ Hz) and yottahertz (Yhz, on the order of10²⁴ Hz). Other embodiments employ frequencies falling within rangessuch as, by way of non-limiting examples, 10⁻¹⁰ Hz through 10¹⁰ Hz, 10⁻⁵Hz through 10⁵ Hz, or 10⁵ Hz through 10²⁰ Hz. Note that in certainembodiments, both ν (according to Formula I) and ν′″ fall within theseranges. That is, once values for ν are calculated according to Formula Ithat fall within a given range, then additional orders of magnitude ofν, calculated as ν′″ according to Formula V, may be calculated such thatthey still lie within the given range.

In some embodiments, simultaneous exposure of the bond to multipleelectromagnetic radiation frequencies falling within the scope ofFormula IV or Formula V, or a combination thereof, may be utilized.Multiple electromagnetic radiation frequencies may be determined bysolving either or both of Formulas IV and V for multiple values of nand/or m. Such multiple frequencies of electromagnetic radiation mayfurther be determined according to either or both of Formulas IV and Vby inputting the base frequency parameter A_(fr) for each bonded atom.It is contemplated that two, three or up to eight or more frequencies(ν″ and/or ν′″) may be used to accelerate or retard a process ofaffecting an atom or a molecule by exposing the atom or molecule toelectromagnetic radiation having a frequency according to Formula II.

In one embodiment of the invention, a hydrogen-containing covalent bondis irradiated with at least one electromagnetic radiation frequencyaccording to Formula II, solved for a base frequency of hydrogen, and atleast one electromagnetic radiation frequency according to either orboth of Formulas IV and V, solved for a base frequency of hydrogen.Exemplary frequencies of electromagnetic radiation according to FormulasIV and V solved for the base frequency of hydrogen are illustrated inTable IV and Table V, respectively.

TABLE III Exemplary Frequencies According to Formula IV for Acceleratingor Retarding the Cleavage of a Bond Between a Hydrogen Atom and AnotherAtom H_(fr) · Φ⁻⁸ · e^((−L · −8)) · 10⁰ 7.731665658 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁻⁷ ·e^((−L · −7)) · 10⁰ 6.255909898 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁻⁶ · e^((−L · −6)) · 10⁰5.06183407 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁻⁵ · e^((−L · −5)) · 10⁰ 4.095673463 GHz H_(fr)· Φ⁻⁴ · e^((−L · −4)) · 10⁰ 3.313925523 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁻³ · e^((−L · −3))· 10⁰ 2.681391099 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁻² · e^((−L · −2)) · 10⁰ 2.169589563 GHzH_(fr) · Φ⁻¹ · e^((−L · −1)) · 10⁰ 1.75547643 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁰ ·e^((−L · 0)) · 10⁰ 1.420405752 GHz H_(fr) · Φ¹ · e^((−L · 1)) · 10⁰1.149301534 GHz H_(fr) · Φ² · e^((−L · 2)) · 10⁰ 0.929941332 GHz H_(fr)· Φ³ · e^((−L · 3)) · 10⁰ 0.752449079 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁴ · e^((−L · 4)) ·10⁰ 0.608833694 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁵ · e^((−L · 5)) · 10⁰ 0.492629306 GHzH_(fr) · Φ⁶ · e^((−L · 6)) · 10⁰ 0.398604143 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁷ ·e^((−L · 7)) · 10⁰ 0.322524991 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁸ · e^((−L · 8)) · 10⁰0.260966605 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁹ · e^((−L · 9)) · 10⁰ 0.211157495 GHz

TABLE IV Exemplary Frequencies According to Formula V for Acceleratingor Retarding the Cleavage of a Bond Between a Hydrogen Atom and AnotherAtom H_(fr) · Φ¹ · e^((−L · 1)) · 10⁰ 1.660640437 GHz H_(fr) · Φ² ·e^((−L · 1)) · 10⁰ 2.68697267 GHz H_(fr) · Φ³ · e^((−L · 1)) · 10⁰4.347613107 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁴ · e^((−L · 1)) · 10⁰ 7.03458577 GHz H_(fr) ·Φ⁵ · e^((−L · 1)) · 10⁰ 11.38219888 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁶ · e^((−L · 1)) · 10⁰18.41678466 GHz H_(fr) · Φ⁷ · e^((−L · 1)) · 10⁰ 29.79898354 GHz H_(fr)· Φ⁸ · e^((−L · 1)) · 10⁰ 48.2157682 GHz H_(fr) · Φ²⁴ · e^((−L · 1)) ·10⁰ 0.1064121785 PHz H_(fr) · Φ²⁵ · e^((−L · 1)) · 10⁰ 0.1721785217 PHzH_(fr) · Φ²⁶ · e^((−L · 1)) · 10⁰ 0.2785907002 PHz H_(fr) · Φ²⁷ ·e^((−L · 1)) · 10⁰ 0.450762218 PHz H_(fr) · Φ²⁸ · e^((−L · 1)) · 10⁰0.7293599219 PHz H_(fr) · Φ²⁹ · e^((−L · 1)) · 10⁰ 1.180129144 PHzH_(fr) · Φ³⁰ · e^((−L · 1)) · 10⁰ 1.909489066 PHz H_(fr) · Φ³¹ ·e^((−L · 1)) · 10⁰ 3.089618209 PHz H_(fr) · Φ³² · e^((−L · 1)) · 10⁰4.999107274 PHz

In some embodiments, at least one narrow band of electromagneticfrequencies comprising at least one frequency of electromagneticradiation selected from Formula II and at least one frequency ofelectromagnetic radiation frequency according to either or both ofFormula IV and V is utilized to affect an atom or a molecule. In otherembodiments, multiple specific frequencies corresponding to at least onefrequency of electromagnetic radiation corresponding to Formula II andat least one frequency of electromagnetic radiation corresponding toeither or both of Formulas IV and V are used. In some embodiments thefrequencies of electromagnetic radiation selected are selected such thatthe radiation corresponding to the at least one frequency of Formula IIand the frequencies of electromagnetic radiation corresponding to eitheror both of Formulas IV and V are all within 5% of the largest frequencyselected. In other embodiments, the frequencies of Formula II and eitheror both of Formulas IV and V are all within 10% of the largest frequencyselected.

The following formulas (VI-VIII) may be useful in some embodiments forattenuating EMFs and cancelling possible aberrant feedback or cavitationwaves during processing. Note that, as discussed in detail above,ν_(p)=A_(fr)·Φ^(±n)·e^(x)·10^(±m).

∫dy=∫A _(fr)·101^(±n) ·e ^(x) ·de

∫dy=A _(fr)·Φ^(±n) ∫e ^(x) ·de

∫dy=A _(fr)·Φ^(±n·ex)·10^(±m) +c, since ∫e ^(x) ·de=e ^(x) +c, whereinx−1, e=2.718 . . . and c=0.  Formula VI.

∫dy = A_(fr)∫(Φ^(±n) ⋅ e^(x))dx $\begin{matrix}{{\int{dy}} = {\frac{A_{fr} \cdot e^{{({{1{n(\Phi)}} + 1})}x}}{{1{n(\Phi)}} + 1} + {c.}}} & {{Formula}{VII}}\end{matrix}$ $\begin{matrix}{{{\int{dy}} = {{{Afr} \cdot e^{x}}{\int{{\Phi^{\pm n} \cdot d}\Phi}}}},} & {{Formula}{VIII}}\end{matrix}$ where${\int\Phi^{\pm n}} = {\frac{\Phi^{\pm n}}{1{n(\Phi)}} + c}$${\int{dy}} = {\frac{\left( {A_{fr} \cdot e^{x}} \right)\Phi^{\pm n}}{1{n(\Phi)}} + {c.}}$

The processes of the various embodiments of the invention have variedpractical applicability.

In various embodiments of the invention, the process of irradiating abond with electromagnetic radiation having a frequency according toFormula II may be achieved for any chemical bond, including those inorganic and inorganic compounds, and metal alloys. For example, theprocess may be used to cleave water bonds, including the water bonds ofseawater. As a result, in one embodiment of the invention, a process ofdesalinating seawater is envisioned. Seawater may be irradiated with atleast one frequency of electromagnetic radiation according to FormulaII, thereby creating hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen and oxygen maythen be reacted with one another to prepare desalinated water.

In other embodiments of the invention, the process of irradiating bondswith at least one frequency of electromagnetic radiation according toFormula II may be used to cleave the bonds of, by way of non-limitingexample, hydrocarbons, alumina (including transparent alumina),hydrogenated silicon, and steel alloys.

In one embodiment of the invention, simple cleavage and dissociation ofwater into its elemental constituents of hydrogen and oxygen, and inturn into molecular hydrogen and oxygen, can be utilized to preparehydrogen gas as fuel on demand. In some embodiments, the process ofpreparing hydrogen gas and oxygen gas can be used to power combustionengines for transportation, such as in an internal combustion engine ofan automobile. In other embodiments, the hydrogen and oxygen can becombusted to create electricity for fuel cell technology or ingenerators for producing electricity. It is contemplated that suchembodiments are useful for powering, by way of non-limiting examples,automobiles, personal generators, and utility plants. It is alsoconceived that the hydrogen and oxygen gases produced by way of theinvention can be used in various heating applications.

The combustion of hydrogen gas prepared according to the processes ofthe invention is advantageous because the hydrogen gas is prepared froman abundant resource: water. Furthermore, the combustion of hydrogen gasis advantageous because it does not produce the byproducts associatedwith the combustion of fossil fuels. The combustion of hydrogen gasproduces only water vapor whereas the combustion of fossil fuels cancreate, among others, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon soot andvarious hydrocarbons.

In another embodiment of the invention, cleavage and dissociation ofwater into its elemental constituents of hydrogen and oxygen can beutilized to desalinate or purify seawater or polluted water,respectively. The hydrogen and oxygen gases produced from water by theprocesses of the invention can be reacted with one another to producewater free of salt and contaminants. In such a manner, purified,desalinated water could be provided on a scale hitherto thoughtimpossible.

In another embodiment of the invention, the process of cleaving selectedbonds can be used in various industrial applications, particularly inpurification and cleaning processes. By selecting a frequency accordingto Formula II that corresponds to at least one atom bonded to another ina contaminant and irradiating a contaminated object with electromagneticradiation having such a frequency, processes of the invention can beutilized to clean or purify the contaminated object. It is alsocontemplated that the processes of the invention can be used in methodsof toxic waste and chemical cleanup.

In one specific embodiment, the process can be utilized to clean an oilspill. Because oil primarily consists of hydrocarbons, the cleaning ofan oil spill can be achieved, for example, by selecting at least onefrequency of electromagnetic radiation according to Formula II solvedfor a base frequency of carbon and irradiating the oil spill site withthe selected frequency or frequencies. As the carbon-carbon andcarbon-hydrogen bonds are cleaved by the irradiation process, volatilehydrocarbons, short chain alcohols, etc. will be formed and willevaporate and/or dissolve.

In certain embodiments of the invention, Formula II is solved forelectromagnetic radiation frequencies suitable for strengthening bondsor forming (creating) bonds between a first and a second atom. It iscontemplated that the same frequency of electromagnetic radiationutilized to form the bond may also serve to strengthen the same bond.The meanings of the terms in Formula II are as described above foraffecting an atom or molecule, generally, as are the techniques fordetermining the value of the terms to be used in Formula II. In order tostrengthen or create a bond between two atoms, Formula II may be solvedutilizing a base frequency of the either or both of the first and thesecond atoms. In order to achieve bond strengthening or bond formation,either or both of the first and second atoms are irradiated with atleast one frequency of electromagnetic radiation solved according toFormula II. The irradiation of either or both of the first and secondatoms is intended to encompass irradiation of either or both of thefirst and second atoms that are not bonded to one another as well aseither or both of the first and second atoms wherein the first andsecond atoms are bonded. In certain embodiments, a method ofstrengthening and/or forming a bond will be achieved by irradiatingeither or both of the first and second atoms with a frequency ofelectromagnetic radiation according to Formula II wherein the variable nis a negative integer. The irradiation of either or both of the firstand second atoms may be achieved by utilizing a specific frequency ofelectromagnetic radiation according to Formula II or at least one narrowband of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation encompassing at leastthe specific frequency of electromagnetic radiation according to FormulaII. Furthermore, bond strengthening or bond formation of specificisotopes may be achieved by irradiating either or both of the first andsecond atoms with an electromagnetic radiation frequency correspondingto a base frequency corresponding to a specific isotope of either orboth the first and second atoms.

Formula II may be used to calculate a finite number of specific valuesof electromagnetic frequencies for each type of atom (i.e. eachelement). From this finite number of electromagnetic frequencies, atechnician with the aid of a tunable electromagnetic radiation frequencygenerator will be able to simply tune through the given predeterminedelectromagnetic frequencies corresponding to Formula II for the specifictype of atom selected and observe and record which selectelectromagnetic frequency or frequencies are suitable for bondstrengthening or bond formation. Such a technician may simply observethe material for signs of bond strengthening or formation in a number ofmanners, including by way of non-limiting example observation ofprecipitate, change in color, change in spectrographic parameters,change in isotropic or allotropic formation, and change in materialstate of molecule.

Multiple frequencies of electromagnetic radiation according to FormulaII may be useful for facilitating bond strengthening or bond formation.Multiple frequencies of electromagnetic radiation for bond strengtheningor bond formation may be determined by solving Formula II for the basefrequencies of both the first and second atoms. Multiple frequencies ofelectromagnetic radiation according to Formula II may be determined bysolving Formula II for multiple values of n or m, or a combinationthereof. The process of bond strengthening and/or bond formation viairradiation of the first and/or second atom with at least one frequencyof electromagnetic radiation solved according to Formula II may beaccelerated or retarded by also irradiating the first and/or second atomwith at least one frequency of electromagnetic radiation according toeither or both of Formulas IV and V.

In some embodiments of the invention, when multiple frequencies ofelectromagnetic radiation are utilized for strengthening or formingbonds, at least one electromagnetic frequency according to Formula II,as well as any electromagnetic radiation frequencies of either or bothof Formulas IV and V utilized, are selected such that all frequenciesselected are within 5% of largest frequency value selected. In otherembodiments, the frequencies selected will all be within 10% of largestfrequency value selected. In some embodiments of the invention, thestrengthening or formation of a bond will be achieved by irradiatingeither or both of the first and second atom with a narrow band ofelectromagnetic radiation that includes all, some or one of the multiplefrequencies of electromagnetic radiation used. In other embodiments, thestrengthening or formation of a bond will be achieved by irradiatingeither or both of the first and second atom with the specificelectromagnetic radiation frequencies selected therefor.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the method of affecting an atomand/or a molecule by exposing the atom or molecule to electromagneticradiation involves electromagnetic radiation that may be used to mimicmolecules, the molecules having at least a first atom bonded to a secondatom. The first and second atoms may be bonded, by way of non-limitingexample, via covalent and ionic bonds. In order to mimic a molecule,electromagnetic radiation having at least one frequency according toFormula II is directed at a medium. The medium may be of any sort,including solids, liquids and gases. As a result of being exposed to theat least one frequency of electromagnetic radiation according to FormulaII, the medium behaves as though the molecule mimicked is present in themedium. The meaning of the terms found within Formula II are asdescribed above for affecting atoms or bonds, generally, as are thetechniques for determining the value of the terms to be used in FormulaII. In order to mimic a molecule, Formula II may be solved utilizing abase frequency of either or both of the first and the second atoms ofthe molecule to be mimicked.

In order to mimic a molecule, a medium may be irradiated with at leastone frequency of electromagnetic radiation solved according to FormulaII. The irradiation of the medium may be achieved by utilizing aspecific frequency of electromagnetic radiation according to Formula IIor a narrow band of frequencies of electromagnetic radiationencompassing the specific frequency of electromagnetic radiationaccording to Formula II. Furthermore, mimicking of molecules comprisingspecific isotopes may be achieved by irradiating the medium with anelectromagnetic radiation frequency corresponding to a base frequency ofa specific isotope of either or both of the first and second atoms.

Multiple frequencies of electromagnetic radiation according to FormulaII may be useful for mimicking a molecule. Multiple frequencies ofelectromagnetic radiation useful for mimicking a molecule may bedetermined by solving Formula II for the base frequencies of both thefirst and second atoms and/or may be determined by solving Formula IIfor multiple values of n or m, or a combination thereof. The process ofmimicking a molecule with at least one frequency of electromagneticradiation solved according to Formula II may be augmented (i.e. themimicking effect is increased) or reduced (i.e. the mimicking effect isdecreased) by also irradiating the material with at least one frequencyof electromagnetic radiation according to either or both of Formulas IVand V.

In some embodiments of the invention, when multiple frequencies ofelectromagnetic radiation are utilized to mimic a molecule, the multipleelectromagnetic frequencies according to Formula II are selected suchthat all frequencies selected are within 5% of largest frequency valueselected. In other embodiments, the frequencies selected will all bewithin 10% of largest frequency value selected.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the mimicking of a moleculewill be achieved by irradiating the medium with multiple frequencies ofelectromagnetic radiation according to Formula II. In some embodiments,the medium will be irradiated with at least one narrow band ofelectromagnetic radiation that includes all, some or one of the multiplefrequencies of electromagnetic radiation used. In other embodiments, themimicking of a molecule will be achieved by irradiating the medium withthe specific electromagnetic radiation frequencies selected therefor.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the molecules mimicked arecatalysts. Accordingly, by mimicking a catalyst, it is envisioned thatthe irradiation of a reaction mixture will cause a reaction to proceedas if the catalyst were present. In other embodiments of the invention,the mimicked molecule is an electrolyte. When the mimicked molecule isan electrolyte, the electrolysis of the solution irradiated by afrequency of electromagnetic radiation according to Formula II isfacilitated and progresses as it would if the electrolyte mimicked werepresent. In other embodiments of the invention, the mimicked molecule isa solute. When the mimicked molecule is a solute, the irradiation of thesolution with a frequency of electromagnetic radiation according toFormula II comprising the solute may cause the solution to behave asthough the solution is saturated and cause the mimicked solute toprecipitate.

In general, the frequencies of electromagnetic radiation within thescope of the invention useful for affecting an atom and/or a molecule byexposing the atom or molecule to electromagnetic radiation, includingbond cleavage, fall within the range between, and including, Yottahertz(10⁻²⁴ Hz) and Yottahertz (10²⁴ Hz). Other embodiments employfrequencies falling within ranges such as, by way of non-limitingexamples, 10⁻¹⁰ Hz through 10¹⁰ Hz, 10⁻⁵ Hz through 10⁵ Hz, or 10⁵ Hzthrough 10²⁰ Hz.

The frequency of the electromagnetic radiation utilized to affect anatom or molecule may be calculated to be accurate to nine significantdigits. In other embodiments, the frequency of the electromagneticradiation may be calculated to be accurate to any of three, four, five,six or seven significant digits. In yet other embodiments of theinvention, the electromagnetic radiation having a frequency of FormulaII may comprise a narrow band of electromagnetic radiation that includesthe frequency determined by Formula II. In yet other embodiments, amaterial may be irradiated with electromagnetic radiation, where theelectromagnetic radiation consists of electromagnetic radiation having aparticular frequency, where the electromagnetic radiation consistsessentially of electromagnetic radiation having a particular frequency,or where the electromagnetic radiation comprises electromagneticradiation having a particular frequency.

Example

Water was disassociated into molecular hydrogen and molecular oxygenaccording to the parameters illustrated in Table V below. Asdemonstrated below, the disassociation of the water was enhanced by theapplication of electromagnetic radiation to the water concurrently witha current.

TABLE V Comparison of Disassociation of Water with Current VersusDisassociation of Water that is Exposed to Both Current andElectromagnetic Radiation of Formula II. Comparative Example EnhancedDisassociation Electromagnetic none variable 30-60 KHz Frequency Current0.4 amps 0.4 amps Potential 9.8 volts 9.8 volts Area of the 251 in² 251in² electrode Number of plates 23 23 per electrode Size of each 44.70 cm× 75.51 cm 44.70 cm × 75.51 cm electrode plate Current density 0.0143watts/in² 0.0143 watts/in² Temperature 79.7° F.-89.4° F. 79.7° F.-89.4°F. Electrode material 400 series Stainless Steel 400 series StainlessSteel Distance between 4.60 mm 4.60 mm electrodes Time 1 hr 1 hrElectrolyte 1 g Na₂CO₃ 1 g Na₂CO₃ Volume of water 750 mL 750 mL Gas (H₂and 0.9 g 11.2 g O₂) evolved

We claim:
 1. A method of strengthening a bond between a first atom and asecond atom in a molecule of a material, the method comprising:selecting a first electromagnetic radiation frequency, the firstelectromagnetic radiation frequency comprising a product of a goldenmean and a base frequency associated with at least one of the first atomand the second atom; and directing a first electromagnetic radiation atthe material, the first electromagnetic radiation having a frequencyequal to the first electromagnetic radiation frequency, wherein thefirst electromagnetic radiation frequency is sufficient to strengthenthe bond between the first atom and the second atom, wherein the firstelectromagnetic radiation frequency (ν1) is defined by the equation:ν₁ =A _(fr)·Φ^(n) ·e·10^(m) wherein A_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, n is an integer, and m is an integer.
 2. Themethod of claim 1 further comprising: selecting a second electromagneticradiation frequency, the second electromagnetic radiation frequencycomprising a product of a golden mean and a base frequency associatedwith at least one of the first atom and the second atom; and directing asecond electromagnetic radiation at the material, the secondelectromagnetic radiation having a frequency equal to the secondelectromagnetic radiation frequency, wherein the first electromagneticradiation frequency and the second electromagnetic radiation frequencyare sufficient to strengthen the bond between the first atom and thesecond atom, wherein the first electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν1)is defined by the equation:ν₁ =A _(fr)·Φ^(n) ·e·10^(m), wherein A_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, n is an integer, and m is an integer; and whereinthe second electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν₂) is defined by theequation:ν₂ =B _(fr)·Φ^(j) ·e·10^(k), wherein B_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, j is an integer, and k is an integer.
 3. Themethod of claim 1 further comprising: selecting a second electromagneticradiation frequency, the second electromagnetic radiation frequencycomprising a product of a golden mean and a base frequency associatedwith at least one of the first atom and the second atom; and directing asecond electromagnetic radiation at the material, the secondelectromagnetic radiation having a frequency equal to the secondelectromagnetic radiation frequency, wherein the first electromagneticradiation frequency and the second electromagnetic radiation frequencyare sufficient to strengthen the bond between the first atom and thesecond atom, wherein the first electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν1)is defined by the equation:ν₁ =A _(fr)·Φ^(n) ·e·10^(m), wherein A_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, n is an integer, and m is an integer; and whereinthe second electromagnetic radiation frequency is defined by theequation:ν″=A _(fr)·Φ^(x) ·e ^(−Lt)·10^(y); and directing a secondelectromagnetic radiation at the material, the second electromagneticradiation having a frequency equal to the second electromagneticradiation frequency, wherein A_(fr) is a base frequency associated witheither the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, e is a natural logbase, L is the natural log of two, t is equal to n, x is an integer, andy is an integer.
 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising: selectinga second electromagnetic radiation frequency, the second electromagneticradiation frequency comprising a product of a golden mean and a basefrequency associated with at least one of the first atom and the secondatom; and directing a second electromagnetic radiation at the material,the second electromagnetic radiation having a frequency equal to thesecond electromagnetic radiation frequency, wherein the firstelectromagnetic radiation frequency and the second electromagneticradiation frequency are sufficient to strengthen the bond between thefirst atom and the second atom, wherein the first electromagneticradiation frequency (ν1) is defined by the equation:ν₁ =A _(fr)·Φ^(n) ·e·10^(m), wherein A_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, n is an integer, and m is an integer; andselecting a second electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν′″), the secondelectromagnetic radiation frequency being defined by the equation:ν′″=A _(fr)·Φ^(n) ·L ⁻¹)·10^(b) e ^(−L); and directing a secondelectromagnetic radiation at the material, the second electromagneticradiation having a frequency equal to the second electromagneticradiation frequency, wherein A_(fr) is a base frequency associated witheither the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, e is a natural logbase, L is the natural log of two, a is an integer, and b is an integer.5. The method of claim 3 wherein the terms m, n, j, and k may bepositive or negative integers.
 6. The method of claim 4 wherein theterms m, n, j, and k may be positive or negative integers.
 7. The methodof claim 4 wherein the first electromagnetic radiation and the secondelectromagnetic radiation are directed at the material concurrently. 8.A method of facilitating the formation of a bond between a first atomand a second atom, the method comprising: selecting a firstelectromagnetic radiation frequency, the first electromagnetic radiationfrequency comprising a product of a golden mean and a base frequencyassociated with at least one of the first atom and the second atom; anddirecting a first electromagnetic radiation at the first and secondatoms, the first electromagnetic radiation having a frequency equal tothe first electromagnetic radiation frequency, wherein the firstelectromagnetic radiation frequency is sufficient to facilitate theformation of the bond between the first atom and the second atom,wherein the first electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν₁) is defined bythe equation:ν₁ =A _(fr)·Φ^(n) ·e·10^(m), wherein A_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, n is an integer, and m is an integer.
 9. Themethod of claim 8 further comprising: selecting a second electromagneticradiation frequency, the second electromagnetic radiation frequencycomprising a product of a golden mean and a base frequency associatedwith at least one of the first atom and the second atom; and directing asecond electromagnetic radiation at the material, the secondelectromagnetic radiation having a frequency equal to the secondelectromagnetic radiation frequency, wherein the first electromagneticradiation frequency and the second electromagnetic radiation frequencyare sufficient to strengthen the bond between the first atom and thesecond atom, wherein the first electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν1)is defined by the equation:ν₁ =A _(fr)·Φ^(n) ·e·10^(m), wherein A_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, n is an integer, and m is an integer; and whereinthe second electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν₂) is defined by theequation:ν₂ =B _(fr)·Φ^(j) ·e·10^(k), wherein B_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, j is an integer, and k is an integer.
 10. Themethod of claim 8 further comprising: selecting a second electromagneticradiation frequency, the second electromagnetic radiation frequencycomprising a product of a golden mean and a base frequency associatedwith at least one of the first atom and the second atom; and directing asecond electromagnetic radiation at the material, the secondelectromagnetic radiation having a frequency equal to the secondelectromagnetic radiation frequency, wherein the first electromagneticradiation frequency and the second electromagnetic radiation frequencyare sufficient to strengthen the bond between the first atom and thesecond atom, wherein the first electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν1)is defined by the equation:ν₁ =A _(fr)·Φ^(n) ·e·10^(m), wherein A_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, n is an integer, and m is an integer; and whereinthe second electromagnetic radiation frequency is defined by theequation:ν″=A _(fr)·Φ^(x) ·e ^(−Lt)·10^(y); and directing a secondelectromagnetic radiation at the material, the second electromagneticradiation having a frequency equal to the second electromagneticradiation frequency, wherein A_(fr) is a base frequency associated witheither the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, e is a natural logbase, L is the natural log of two, t is equal to n, x is an integer, andy is an integer.
 11. The method of claim 8 further comprising: selectinga second electromagnetic radiation frequency, the second electromagneticradiation frequency comprising a product of a golden mean and a basefrequency associated with at least one of the first atom and the secondatom; and directing a second electromagnetic radiation at the material,the second electromagnetic radiation having a frequency equal to thesecond electromagnetic radiation frequency, wherein the firstelectromagnetic radiation frequency and the second electromagneticradiation frequency are sufficient to strengthen the bond between thefirst atom and the second atom, wherein the first electromagneticradiation frequency (ν1) is defined by the equation:ν₁ =A _(fr)·Φ^(n) ·e·10^(m), wherein A_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, n is an integer, and m is an integer; andselecting a second electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν′″), the secondelectromagnetic radiation frequency being defined by the equation:ν′″=(A _(fr)·Φ^(a) ·L ⁻¹)·10^(b) e ^(−L); and directing a secondelectromagnetic radiation at the material, the second electromagneticradiation having a frequency equal to the second electromagneticradiation frequency, wherein A_(fr) is a base frequency associated witheither the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, e is a natural logbase, L is the natural log of two, a is an integer, and b is an integer.12. The method of claim 9 wherein the terms m, n, j, and k may bepositive or negative integers.
 13. The method of claim 10 wherein theterms m, n, j, and k may be positive or negative integers.
 14. Themethod of claim 10 wherein the first electromagnetic radiation and thesecond electromagnetic radiation are directed at the materialconcurrently.
 15. A method of mimicking the presence of a molecule, themolecule having at least a first atom and a second atom, in a material,the method comprising: selecting a first electromagnetic radiationfrequency, the first electromagnetic radiation frequency comprising aproduct of a golden mean and a base frequency associated with at leastone of the first atom and the second atom; and directing a firstelectromagnetic radiation at the material, the first electromagneticradiation having a frequency equal to the first electromagneticradiation frequency, wherein the first electromagnetic radiationfrequency is sufficient to mimic the presence of a molecule in amaterial, wherein the first electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν₁) isdefined by the equation:ν₁ =A _(fr)·Φ^(n) ·e·10^(m), wherein A_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, n is an integer, and m is an integer.
 16. Themethod of claim 15 further comprising: selecting a secondelectromagnetic radiation frequency, the second electromagneticradiation frequency comprising a product of a golden mean and a basefrequency associated with at least one of the first atom and the secondatom; and directing a second electromagnetic radiation at the material,the second electromagnetic radiation having a frequency equal to thesecond electromagnetic radiation frequency, wherein the firstelectromagnetic radiation frequency and the second electromagneticradiation frequency are sufficient to strengthen the bond between thefirst atom and the second atom, wherein the first electromagneticradiation frequency (ν1) is defined by the equation:ν₁ =A _(fr)·Φ^(n) ·e·10^(m), wherein A_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, n is an integer, and m is an integer; and whereinthe second electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν₂) is defined by theequation:ν₂ =B _(fr)·Φ^(j) ·e·10^(k), wherein B_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, j is an integer, and k is an integer.
 17. Themethod of claim 15 further comprising: selecting a secondelectromagnetic radiation frequency, the second electromagneticradiation frequency comprising a product of a golden mean and a basefrequency associated with at least one of the first atom and the secondatom; and directing a second electromagnetic radiation at the material,the second electromagnetic radiation having a frequency equal to thesecond electromagnetic radiation frequency, wherein the firstelectromagnetic radiation frequency and the second electromagneticradiation frequency are sufficient to strengthen the bond between thefirst atom and the second atom, wherein the first electromagneticradiation frequency (ν1) is defined by the equation:ν₁ =A _(fr)·Φ^(n) ·e·10^(m), wherein A_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, n is an integer, and m is an integer; and whereinthe second electromagnetic radiation frequency is defined by theequation:ν″=A _(fr)·Φ^(x) ·e ^(−Lt)·10^(y); and directing a secondelectromagnetic radiation at the material, the second electromagneticradiation having a frequency equal to the second electromagneticradiation frequency, wherein A_(fr) is a base frequency associated witheither the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, e is a natural logbase, L is the natural log of two, t is equal to n, x is an integer, andy is an integer.
 18. The method of claim 15 further comprising:selecting a second electromagnetic radiation frequency, the secondelectromagnetic radiation frequency comprising a product of a goldenmean and a base frequency associated with at least one of the first atomand the second atom; and directing a second electromagnetic radiation atthe material, the second electromagnetic radiation having a frequencyequal to the second electromagnetic radiation frequency, wherein thefirst electromagnetic radiation frequency and the second electromagneticradiation frequency are sufficient to strengthen the bond between thefirst atom and the second atom, wherein the first electromagneticradiation frequency (ν1) is defined by the equation:ν₁ =A _(fr)·Φ^(n) ·e·10^(m), wherein A_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, n is an integer, and m is an integer; andselecting a second electromagnetic radiation frequency (ν′″), the secondelectromagnetic radiation frequency being defined by the equation:ν′″=(A _(fr)·Φ^(a) ·L ⁻¹)·10^(b) e ^(−L); and directing a secondelectromagnetic radiation at the material, the second electromagneticradiation having a frequency equal to the second electromagneticradiation frequency, wherein A_(fr) is a base frequency associated witheither the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, e is a natural logbase, L is the natural log of two, a is an integer, and b is an integer.19. The method of claim 15 wherein the terms m, n, j, and k may bepositive or negative integers.
 20. The method of claim 16 wherein theterms m, n, j, and k may be positive or negative integers.
 21. Themethod of claim 17 wherein the first electromagnetic radiation and thesecond electromagnetic radiation are directed at the materialconcurrently.
 22. A method of electrolyzing water, the methodcomprising: frequency (ν₁) defined by the equation:ν₁ =A _(fr)·Φ^(n) ·e·10^(m) wherein A_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either a first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, e isa natural log base, n is a nonnegative integer, and m is a nonnegativeinteger; selecting a second frequency (ν₂) defined by the equation:ν₂ =B _(fr)·Φ^(j) ·e·10^(k), wherein B_(fr) is a base frequencyassociated with either the first or second atom, Φ is a golden mean, eis a natural log base, j is a nonnegative integer, and k is anonnegative integer; causing water to cavitate; directing a firstelectromagnetic radiation having the first frequency at the water;directing a second electromagnetic radiation having the second frequencyat the water, wherein the step of directing the first electromagneticradiation occurs substantially simultaneously with the step of directingthe second electromagnetic radiation; and causing electrical current toflow through the water.